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From The Essential Alan Watts
Early years
Watts was born to
middle class parents in the village of
Chislehurst (now in the
London Borough of Bromley),
Kent,
England in the year 1915. His father was a representative for the London office of the
Michelin Tyre Company, his mother a housewife whose father had been a
missionary. With modest financial means, they chose to live in bucolic surroundings and Alan, an only child, grew up learning the names of wild flowers and butterflies, playing beside streams, and performing funeral ceremonies for birds.
Probably because of the influence of his mother’s religious family, the Buchans, an interest in "ultimate things" seeped in. But it mixed with Alan’s own interests in storybook fables and romantic tales of the mysterious Far East. Watts also later wrote of a mystical sort of vision he experienced while ill with a fever as a child. During this time he was influenced by Far Eastern landscape paintings and embroideries that had been given to his mother by missionaries returning from
China. With regard to the examples of Chinese paintings he was able to see in England, Watts wrote "I was aesthetically fascinated with a certain clarity, transparency, and spaciousness in Chinese and Japanese art. It seemed to float..." [as presented in his autobiography]. These works of art emphasized the participative relationship of man in nature, a theme that would be important to him throughout his life.
BuddhismBy his own assessment, Watts was imaginative, headstrong, and talkative. He was sent to
boarding schools (which included both academic and religious training) from early years. During holidays in his teen years, Francis Croshaw, a wealthy
epicurean with strong interests in both
Buddhism and the exotic little-known aspects of European culture, took Watts on a trip through
France. It was not long afterward that Watts felt forced to decide between the
Anglican Christianity he had been exposed to and the
Buddhism he had read about in various libraries, including Croshaw’s. He chose Buddhism, and sought membership in the London Buddhist Lodge which had been established by
Theosophists, and was now run by the barrister
Christmas Humphreys. Watts became the organization’s secretary at 16 (1931). The young Watts explored several styles of
meditation during these years.
EducationWatts attended King's School next door to
Canterbury Cathedral. Though he was frequently at the top of his classes scholastically, and was given responsibilities at school, he botched an opportunity for a
scholarship to
Oxford by styling a crucial examination essay in a way that was read as presumptuous and capricious.
Hence, when he graduated from secondary school, Watts was thrust into the world of employment, working in a printing house and later a bank. He spent his spare time involved with the Buddhist Lodge and also under the tutelage of a "rascal guru" named
Dimitrije Mitrinović. (Mitrinović was himself influenced by
Peter Demianovich Ouspensky,
G. I. Gurdjieff, and the varied psychoanalytical schools of
Freud,
Jung and
Adler.) Watts also read widely in philosophy, history, psychology, psychiatry and Eastern wisdom.
Influences and first publicationLondon afforded him a considerable number of other opportunities for personal growth. Through Humphreys, he contacted eminent spiritual authors (e.g.,
Nicholas Roerich,
Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan) and prominent theosophists like
Alice Bailey. In 1936, aged 21, he attended the World Congress of Faiths at the University of London, heard
D.T. Suzuki read a paper, and afterwards was able to meet this esteemed scholar of
Zen Buddhism. Beyond these discussions and personal encounters, he absorbed, by studying the available scholarly literature, the fundamental
concepts and
terminology of the main philosophies of
India and
East Asia. In 1936, Watts's first book was published, The Spirit of Zen, which he later acknowledged to be mainly digested from the writings of Suzuki.
In 1938 he and his bride left England to live in
America. He had married Eleanor Everett, whose mother Ruth Fuller Everett was involved with a traditional Zen Buddhist circle in
New York. A few years later, Ruth Fuller married the Zen master (or "roshi"), Sokei-an Sasaki, and this Japanese gentleman served as a sort of model and mentor to Alan, though Watts chose not to enter into a formal Zen training relationship with Sasaki.
During these years, according to his later writings, Watts had another mystical experience while on a walk with his wife.
Priesthood and afterWatts had left formal Zen training in New York because the method of the teacher didn't suit him. He was not ordained as a Zen monk, but he felt a need to find a professional outlet for his philosophical inclinations. He entered an Anglican (Episcopalian) school (Seabury-Western Theological Seminary, in Evanston), where he studied Christian scriptures, theology, and Church history. He attempted to work out a blend of contemporary Christian worship, mystical Christianity, and Asian philosophy. Watts was awarded a master's degree in theology in response to his thesis, which he published as a popular edition under the title Behold the Spirit. The pattern was set, in that Watts did not hide his dislike for religious outlooks that he decided were dour, guilt-ridden, or militantly proselytizing, whether found within
Judaism,
Christianity,
Hinduism, or
Buddhism.
All seemed to go reasonably well in his next role, as Episcopalian priest (beginning in 1945, aged 30), until an extramarital affair resulted in his young wife having their marriage annulled. It also resulted in Watts leaving the ministry by 1950. He spent the New Year getting to know
Joseph Campbell; his wife, Jean Erdman; and
John Cage.
In the spring of 1951, Watts moved to California, where he joined the faculty of the
American Academy of Asian Studies in
San Francisco. Here he taught alongside
Saburo Hasegawa,
Frederick Spiegelberg,
Haridas Chaudhuri,
lama Tokwan Tada, and various visiting experts and professors. Hasegawa, in particular, served as a teacher to Watts in the areas of Japanese customs, arts, primitivism, and perceptions of nature.
Watts also studied written Chinese and practiced Chinese brush calligraphy with Hasegawa as well as with some of the Chinese students who enrolled at the Academy. While Watts was noted for an interest in
Zen Buddhism, with its origins in China, his reading and discussions delved into
Vedanta, "
the new physics,"
cybernetics,
semantics,
process philosophy,
natural history, and the
anthropology of sexuality.
Middle years
After heading up the Academy for a few years, Watts left the faculty for a freelance career in the mid 1950s. He began what became a long-running weekly radio program at
Pacifica radio station
KPFA in
Berkeley. Like other volunteer programmers at the listener-sponsored station, Watts was not paid for his broadcasts; they did, however, gain him a large following in the
San Francisco Bay Area. These programs were later carried by additional Pacifica stations, and were re-broadcast many times over in the decades following his death. The original tapes are currently held by the Pacifica Radio Archive, based at
KPFK in Los Angeles.
In 1957 when 42, Watts published one of his best known books, The Way of Zen, which focused on philosophical explication and history. Besides drawing on the lifestyle and philosophical background of Zen, in India and China, Watts introduced ideas drawn from
general semantics (directly from the writings of
Alfred Korzybski) and
cybernetics (
Norbert Wiener's early work on cybernetics had been recently published). Watts offered analogies from cybernetic principles possibly applicable to the Zen life. The book sold well, eventually becoming a modern classic, and helped widen his lecture circuit.
Around this time, Watts toured parts of Europe with his father, meeting the renowned psychiatrist
Carl Jung. In relation to modern psychology, Watts's instincts were closer to Jung's or
Abraham Maslow's than to those of
Freud.
ExperimentationWhen he returned to the United States, he began to dabble in
psychedelic drug experiences, initially with
mescaline given to him by Dr.
Oscar Janiger. He soon tried
LSD several times with various research teams led by Drs. Keith Ditman, Sterling Bunnell, and Michael Agron. He also tried
DMT, later stating that it was 'like loading the Universe into a gun and firing it into your brain'. Watts’s books of the sixties reveal the influence of these chemical adventures on his outlook. He would later comment about drug use, "When you've got the message, hang up the phone."
[1]For a time, Watts came to prefer writing in the language of modern science and psychology (Psychotherapy East and West is a good example), finding a parallel between mystical experiences and the theories of the material universe proposed by twentieth-century physicists. He later equated mystical experience with ecological awareness, and emphasized whichever approach seemed best suited to the audience he was addressing.
Philosophical developmentWatts's explorations and teaching brought him into contact with many noted intellectuals, artists, and American teachers in the
human potential movement. His friendship with poet
Gary Snyder nurtured his sympathies with the budding
environmental movement, to which Watts gave philosophical support. He also encountered
Robert Anton Wilson, who credited Watts with being one of his 'Light[s] along the Way' in the opening appreciation of Cosmic Trigger.
Though never affiliated for long with any one academic institution, he did have a fellowship for a couple of years at
Harvard University. He also lectured to many college and university students. His lectures and books gave Watts far-reaching influence on the American intelligentsia of the 1950s-1970s, but Watts was often seen as an outsider in academia. While some college and university professors found his writing and lectures interesting, others said things like: "He's not really a scholar of Eastern philosophy. He's not that disciplined. Alan Watts doesn't teach Eastern philosophy, he teaches 'Alan Watts.'" To which he replied in numerous lectures that "the scholar who is interested in medals and prizes and not interested in the fun of it, has amazing put downs." He pointed this out with an example: "The original scholars in history were men that owned land, and being rich they had enough free time to study in their library, not for the progress of science, but for fun." Another Japanese Zen master, Maezumi Roshi, however, once remarked, "Alan Watts? He is not Zen!"--a perfectly Zen-like response that may well have delighted Watts.
Applied aestheticsWatts often alluded to or wrote about a group of neighbors in
Druid Heights[2] (near
Mill Valley, California), who had endeavored to combine architecture, gardening, and carpentry skills to make a beautiful and comfortable life for themselves. Druid Heights was founded by the writer
Elsa Gidlow.
Regarding his intentions, it can be argued that Watts attempted to lessen the alienation that accompanies the experience of being human that he felt plagued the modern Westerner, and (like his fellow
British expat and friend,
Aldous Huxley) to lessen the ill will that was an unintentional by-product of alienation from the natural world. He felt such teaching could improve the world, at least to a degree. He also articulated the possibilities for greater incorporation of aesthetics (for example: better architecture, more art, more fine cuisine) in American life. In his autobiography he wrote, "… cultural renewal comes about when highly differentiated cultures mix" (Watts, In My Own Way).
Later yearsIn his writings of the 1950s, he conveyed his admiration for the practicality in the historical achievements of
Chán (Zen) in the Far East, for it had fostered farmers, architects, builders, folk physicians, artists, and administrators among the monks who had lived in the monasteries of its lineages.
In his mature work, he presents himself as "Zennist" in spirit as he wrote in his last book, Tao, the Watercourse Way. Child rearing, the arts, cuisine, education, law and freedom, architecture, sexuality, and the uses and abuses of technology were all of great interest to him.
On the personal level, Watts sought to resolve his feelings of alienation from the institutions of marriage and the values of American society, as revealed in classic his comments on love relationships in "Divine Madness" and on perception of the organism-environment in "The Philosophy of Nature".
In looking at social issues he was quite concerned with the necessity for international peace, for tolerance or even understanding among disparate cultures. He also came to feel acutely conscious of a growing ecological predicament; as one instance, in the early 1960s he wrote: “Can any melting or burning imaginable get rid of these ever-rising mountains of ruin – especially when the things we make and build are beginning to look more and more like rubbish even before they are thrown away?" [The Joyous Cosmology] These concerns were later expressed in a television pilot made for
NET filmed at his mountain retreat in 1971 in which he noted that the single track of conscious attention was wholly inadequate for interactions with a multi-tracked world.
Political stanceIn his writings, Watts alluded to his own political shift from
Republican conservatism to a more liberal legal and political outlook. However, his opinions did not lean to the
political left. He was more
libertarian, distrusting both the left and right, and finding an early libertarian outlook in the Chinese sage
Chuang-Tzu. He disliked much in the conventional idea of "progress". He hoped for change, but personally he preferred amiable, semi-isolated rural social enclaves, and also believed in tolerance for urban tenderloins, social misfits, and eccentric artists. Watts decried the suburbanization of the countryside and the way of life that went with it.
In one campus lecture tour, which Watts titled "The End to the Put-Down of Man", Watts presented positive images for both nature and humanity, spoke in favor of the various stages of human growth (including the teenage years), reproached excessive cynicism and rivalry, and extolled intelligent creativity, good architecture and food.
On spiritual and social identityWatts felt that
ethics (at least of the judgmental Judeo-Christian kind) had nothing to do with the fundamental realization of one’s deep spiritual identity. He advocated social rather than personal ethics. In his writings, Watts was increasingly concerned with ethics applied to relations between humanity and the natural environment and between governments and citizens. He wrote out of an appreciation of a racially and culturally diverse social landscape. At the same time, he favored representative government rather than direct democracy (which he felt could readily degenerate into
mob rule).
He often said that he wished to act as a bridge between the ancient and the modern, between East and West, and between culture and nature.
Watts led some tours for Westerners to the Buddhist temples of Japan. He also studied some movements from the traditional
Chinese martial art
T'ai Chi Ch'uan, with an Asian colleague, Al Chung-liang Huang. Watts lived his later years at times on a houseboat in
Sausalito on
San Francisco Bay and at times in a secluded cabin on
Mount Tamalpais. Laden with social and financial responsibilities, he struggled increasingly with
alcohol addiction, which probably shortened his life.
[3] In October 1973 he returned from an exhausting European lecture tour. Watts died of heart failure in his sleep at home the following month at the age of 58.
Family lifeAlan Watts was married three times and had five children including two sons, the oldest of whom, Mark Watts, has recently served as curator of his father's work.
Books
1936 The Spirit of Zen, Paperback. 1969
ISBN 0-8021-3056-91937 The Legacy of Asia and Western Man
1940 The Meaning of Happiness, Paperback. 1970,
ISBN 0-06-080178-61944 Theologica Mystica of St. Dionysius, (translation from Greek of
pseudo-Dionysius, now available
online)
1948 Behold the Spirit:A Study in the Necessity of Mystical Religion, Vintage ed. 1972,
ISBN 0-394-71761-91950 Easter - Its Story and Meaning
1950 The Supreme Identity, Vintage ed. 1972,
ISBN 0-394-71835-61951 The Wisdom of Insecurity, Vintage ed. 1968,
ISBN 0-394-70468-11953 Myth and Ritual in Christianity, Beacon Press 1971,
ISBN 0-8070-1375-71957 The Way of Zen, Vintage Spiritual Classics 1999,
ISBN 0-375-70510-41958 Nature, Man, and Woman, Vintage reissue 1991,
ISBN 0-679-73233-01960 "This Is It" and Other Essays on Zen and Spiritual Experience, Vintage reprint 1973,
ISBN 0-394-71904-2; excerpted essay:
"The New Alchemy"1961 Psychotherapy East and West, Vintage ed. 1975,
ISBN 0-394-71609-4 (excerpt
here)
1962 The Joyous Cosmology - Adventures in the Chemistry of Consciousness
1963 The Two Hands of God - The Myths of Polarity
1964 Beyond Theology - The Art of Godmanship, Vintage 1973,
ISBN 0-394-71923-91966 The Book - On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are, Vintage reissue 1989,
ISBN 0-679-72300-5 (excerpt
here)
1967 Nonsense,
ISBN 0-525-47463-3. This book is an interesting spiritual application of
literary nonsense.
1970 Does It Matter?: Essays on Man's Relation to Materiality, Vintage ed. 1971,
ISBN 0-394-71665-51971 Erotic Spirituality - The Vision of Konarak
1972 The Art of Contemplation
1972 In My Own Way - An Autobiography 1915-1965, Vintage 1973,
ISBN 0-394-71951-41973 Cloud-hidden, Whereabouts Unknown: A Mountain Journal, Vintage 1974,
ISBN 0-394-71999-9Posthumous publications 1974 The Essence of Alan Watts, Celestial Arts 1977,
ISBN 0-89087-210-41975 Tao: The Watercourse Way, with Al Chung-liang Huang, Pantheon 1977,
ISBN 0-394-73311-81976 Essential Alan Watts
1978 Uncarved Block, Unbleached Silk: The Mystery of Life
1979 Om: Creative Meditations
1982 Play to Live
1983 Way of Liberation: Essays and Lectures on the Transformation of the Self
1985 Out of the Trap
1986 Diamond Web
1987 The Early Writings of Alan Watts, Paperback. 1995,
ISBN 0-89087-794-71990 The Modern Mystic: A New Collection of Early Writings
1994 Talking Zen
1995 Become What You Are, Shambhala Expanded ed. 2003,
ISBN 1-57062-940-41995 Buddhism: The Religion of No-Religion
1995 The Philosophies of Asia
1995 The Tao of Philosophy, edited transcripts, Tuttle Publishing 1999,
ISBN 0-8048-3204-81996 Myth and Religion
1997 Taoism: Way Beyond Seeking
1997 Zen and the Beat Way
1998 Culture of Counterculture
1999 Buddhism: The Religion of No-Religion, edited transcripts, Tuttle Publishing,
ISBN 0-8048-3203-X2000 Still the mind : an introduction to meditation, New World Library,
ISBN 1-57731-214-72000 What is Zen?, New World Library,
ISBN 0-394-71951-42000 What is Tao?, New World Library,
ISBN 1-57731-168-XAudio and video works, essays Including recordings of lectures at major universities and multi-session seminars:
1960 Eastern Wisdom in Modern Life, television series, (
here)
1960 Essential Lectures, audio recordings, (
here)
1960 Nature of Consciousness, essay, (
here)
1960 The Value of Psychotic Experience
1960 The World As Emptiness
1960 From Time to Eternity
1960 Lecture On Zen
1960 The Cross of Cards
1960 Taoism
1962 This Is IT
1968 "Psychedelics & Religious Experience", in
California Law Review (
here)
1969 Why Not Now: The Art of Meditation
2005 Do You Do It, or Does It Do You?: how to let the universe meditate you (CD)
2007 Zen Meditations with Alan Watts, DVD, (
here)
References
^ http://www.erowid.org/culture/characters/watts_alan/watts_alan.shtml Erowid Character Vaults: Alan Watts
^ http://www.techgnosis.com/index_druid.html Druids and Ferries
^ Zen Effects, p. 188–189
Charters, Ann (ed.). The Portable Beat Reader. Penguin Books. New York. 1992.
ISBN 0-670-83885-3 (hard cover);
ISBN 0-14-015102-8 (paperback)
Furlong, Monica, Zen Effects: The Life of Alan Watts Houghton Mifflin. New York. 1986
ISBN 0-395-45392-5, Skylight Paths 2001 edition of the biography, with new forward by author:
ISBN 1-89336132-2Watts, Alan, In My Own Way New York. Random House Pantheon. 1973
ISBN 0-394-46911-9 (his autobiography)
External linksWikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Alan WattsThe
Alan Watts ArchiveAlan Watts Podcast - The official Podcast of Alan Watts
Alan Watts Online - Project Unicorn
Watts essay on Nothingness"Alan Watts Theatre" - audio recordings of Watts set to animations by
Trey Parker and
Matt Stone, the creators of
South ParkAudio archive from Do It Yourself Dharma websiteAlan Watts Lectures and Essays Audio, video, essays and articles - resources from
deoxy.org